Religionenlight3

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a. Orthodox: Jesuits- Organized in 1534 by ex-soldier Ignatius Loyola, members of this militant, unyielding Catholic order aroused opposition from Protestants, Catholics, and even the Pope himself. In the 18th Century the Jesuits were suppressed for a time by the Church and expelled from France, Portugal, and Spain b. Non-Orthodox: Jansenists- Started by Cornelius Otto Jansen in 1617, Reformed Roman Catholic doctrine by returning to the individualistic ideas of St. Augustine. Jansenists emphasized personal holiness, predestination and the need for divine grace Quietists- Believed that no man, to perfect himself, must become passive and abandon his soul to God. Held sacraments and confession surerfluous. Condemned in 1687 a papal bull.
 * 1. Catholics**

a. Lutherans: The first Protestants, followers of Martin Luther, an apostste German monk. Opposed elaborate hierarchy and ritual; favored the individual's humble, direct communication with God. Pietists- Challanged Lutheran dogma. Emphasized good works, and regarded religion as an emotional rather than an intellectual experience b. Calvinists: Strong moralists, they insisted that all personal and public activity, including government, be subordinae to God's will. Believed in predestination. The Puritans of old and New England were Calvinists. Huguenots- Frech Calvinists; following bitter persecution, they achieved legal standing in 1802 Presbyterians- Scottish Calvinists, adhered to the Bible as the arbiter of faith. Emphasized church government by presbyters, or elders. c. Anglicans: Englishmen who held both the Catholic belief that the Church's ishops trace their spiritual authority to Christ and the apostles, and the Protestant belief in the Bible as the standard of faith and life. Latitudinarians- Anglicans who attached little importance to liturgy, Church organization or dogma. Had strong ties to Cambridge Platoonists Methodists- Stressed a methodical organization and a more personal, emotional approach to religion than the Anglicans. Methodism featured itinerant preachers, circuit riders and revival meetings d. Other Sects: Mennonites- Opposed infant baptism, believing that only those old enough to experience grace should be baptized Dissenters: Congregationalists- Believed that each local congregation had its own relationship to God and thus was an autonomous member of a common family Quakers- Thought there was no need for a trained priest or formal rites to establish communion with and individual and God Baptists- Stressed Bible study and a fundamentalist view of religion. Restriced baptism to those old enough to recognize its meaning Unitarians- Stressed free belief. They though God was one, not a Trinity, that Christ was human, and salvation came by man's efforts, not God's grace.
 * 2. Protestants**